Amakosa 7 ukwiye kwirinda igihe ukoresha murandasi (internet)

Hari ubyutse mugitondo, ugafata telefoni ugasanga runaka yakwandikiye ubutumwa butumvikana, ariko ukibaza impamvu yabikoze bikakuyobera. Ni uko ukamuhamagara umusobanuza, ukumva arakubwiye ati “Wahora n’iki! Konti yanjye bayinjiriye.”

Igitangaje kurushaho, hari n’igihe umubaza ugasanga nta n’ubwo yakoze ikintu kidasanzwe, yari asanzwe akoresha murandasi (cyangwa internet) nk’abandi bose.

Ibi si inkuru zo mu ma filime ni ibintu bibaho buri munsi. Ni uko murandasi ikora, n’ubwo waba ukeka ko nta wakenera amakuru yawe ariko burya ni imari ikomeye rwose.

Mu isi ya none, murandasi yabaye igice cy’ubuzima bwacu aho tuvugira, twigira, tugurira, ndetse tukanabikamo amakuru yacu y’ingenzi. Ikosa rito cyane rishobora kukugiraho ingaruka nini kurusha uko ubitekereza.

Urugero, mu mwaka wa 2025 ikinyamakuru cya Cybernews cyavumbuye amakuru arenga miliyari 16 (yego! miliyari) kuri murandasi. Muri aya makuru hari harimo amagambo y’ibanga (passwords) arenga miliyoni 18.

Iyi ni imburira ikomeye cyane igaragaza ko amakuru yawe ari wowe ugomba kuyagenzurira umutekano, naho ubundi yaba yandagaye.

Bityo rero, ese wigeze wibaza amakosa ashobora gutuma amakuru yawe ajya mu maboko y’abagizi ba nabi utabizi?

Uyu munsi, tugiye kuvuga ku makosa 7 akunze gukorwa igihe ukoresha murandasi kandi ashobora kuguteza ingorane zikomeye mu buzima bwawe mu kanya nk’ako guhumbya.

Indi nkuru wasoma: Guhindura PDF muri Word Document ku buntu

Ikosa rya 1 — Gukoresha ijambobanga (password) yoroshye cyangwa imwe hose

Tekereza umuntu ufite inzu nyinshi ariko zose akazifungisha ipata cyangwa agasumari!

Ntabwo byatwara igihe kinini kugira ngo umuntu abone ko izo nzu n’ubwo zikinze ariko byoroshye kuzifungura, maze akazifungura nta nkomyi mbese nk’ufungura iwe. Ni ko bigenda no ku bantu benshi kuri murandasi.

Gukoresha password yoroshye cyangwa imwe kuri konti zose bituma amakuru yabo aba nk’afunguye ku muntu wese wabigerageza, cyane cyane abahanga mu byo gutahura amakuru (hackers).

Ikindi kandi n’iyo password yawe yaba ikomeye, iyo uyikoresheje ahantu henshi, iyo konti imwe gusa igize ikibazo, izindi zose na zo ziba zigiye kujya mu bibazo.

Hari n’igihe amakuru y’abantu ajya hanze (data leaks) batabizi maze abahanga mu gutahura amakuru bagatangira kugerageza ayo makuru kuri konti zitandukanye kugeza aho bayinjirira.

Ikindi kandi, abantu benshi bibwira ko nta kintu cy’ingenzi bafite cyakwibwa. Nyamara konti yawe ishobora gukoreshwa mu kwiba abandi, kohereza ubutumwa bw’uburiganya, cyangwa kuguteza ibibazo utari witeze.

Ni amakosa asa n’aho ari mato ariko ingaruka zayo ni nini cyane kurusha uko abantu babitekereza.

Indi nkuru wasoma: Ubutumwa buri inyuma y’ibirango (Logo) by’inganda zikomeye ku isi

Ikosa rya 2 — Kwemera cyangwa gufungura buri link yose ubonye

Kwihutira gufungura link yose ubonye nibyo bita benshi mu mutego wo gutanga amakuru yabo. Hari ubutumwa bushobora kukugeraho buvuga buti wenda: “Konti yawe igiye gufungwa, kanda hano ubihagarike” Cyangwa ngo: “Watsindiye igihembo, kanda hano uhite ubona amafaranga yawe.”

Ariko inyuma yabyo haba hari umutego. Ibi bizwi Phishing mu rurimi rw’icyongereza, ugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda ni ukureshya (gushuka). Ni uburyo abatekamutwe bo kuri murandasi bakoresha bagushuka, bagatuma ubaha amakuru yawe utabizi.

Izi links zishobora gusa neza cyane n’iz’ukuri aho ushobora kubona izina rya website rimeze neza, ariko witegereje neza usanga hari nk’inyuguti imwe gusa yahinduwe kandi ntubibone.

Bamwe muri aba batekamutwe baba bafite amayeri yo ku rwego rwo hejuru. Hari n’igihe udasabwa no kwandika password gukanda link gusa bishobora guhita bituma amakuru yawe afatwa cyangwa igikoresho cyawe kigashyirwamo porogaramu igukurikirana.

Ikibabaje ni uko ibi bikunze kubaho mu buryo buziguye (utamenya). Umuntu agakanda atabanje gushishoza nyuma yamara akamenya ko byamubayeho byararangiye.

Kwifashisha links ni imwe mu mitego ikoreshwa cyane kuri murandasi kandi ikomeje gufata abantu benshi, n’abatekereza ko babizi neza bashiduka byabagezeho.

Indi nkuru wasoma: Ibintu utari uzi ko wakora kuri Google

Ikosa rya 3 — Gusangiza amakuru yawe bwite aho ari ho hose

Hari igihe umuntu ashyira ifoto ku mbuga nkoranyambaga akongeraho amakuru menshi atatekerejeho cyane.

Aho ari, aho akorera, nimero ya telefoni, cyangwa se n’andi makuru asa n’aho ari mato. Ku ruhande rwe, aba abona ari ibisanzwe gusangiza ubuzima bwe n’abandi.

Kuri murandasi, amakuru yawe bwite ni nk’umutungo. Niyo mpamvu ku rundi ruhande hari undi ubibona mu buryo butandukanye.

Iyo amaze kujya hanze, ntumenya uyareba cyangwa uyakusanya. Hari abantu bashobora gufata utwo duce duto tw’amakuru yawe bakayahuriza hamwe maze bagashobora kumenya imyitwarire n’imibereho yawe.

Ikintu abantu benshi batitaho ni uko n’amakuru asa n’aho ari mato ashobora kukugiraho ingaruka zikomeye. Ifoto imwe, aho uherereye incuro imwe, cyangwa amagambo wanditse bishobora kuba intangiriro y’akaga ku makuru ndetse n’amabanga yawe.

Amakuru yibwe ashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye. Nko kukwiyitirira, kukwandikira mu izina ry’undi, cyangwa kugerageza kukwiyegereza bagamije kukugirira nabi cyangwa kukuriganya.

Kandi ikibazo gikomeye kurushaho ni uko iyo amakuru yawe amaze kujya hanze, kuyagarura biba bitakiri ibintu byoroshye cyangwa bitanakunda.

Ni yo mpamvu gusangiza amakuru kuri murandasi bidakwiye gufatwa nk’ibintu bisanzwe gusa kuko rimwe na rimwe ibyo usangije uyu munsi bishobora kukugiraho ingaruka ejo.

Ikosa rya 4 — Kudakoresha uburyo bwo kurinda konti (2FA)

Nk’uko ari byiza gukoresha urufunguzo rusanzwe (ikare) no gukoresha ingufuri aribyo bitanga icyizere cy’ubwirinzi bw’inzu na konti yawe kuri murandasi ni uko.

Ku bantu benshi, konti zabo zishingiye kuri password gusa nta kindi cy’inyongera kizirinda. Bivuze ngo konti zabo ntabwo zifite ingufuri ishyigikira ikare (ijambobanga). Niba ntayo ugira, amakuru yawe irabura intambwe ngo ijye ku karubanda.

Igihe iyo password imenyekanye haba binyuze mu kwibeshya, mu bushukanyi, nk’uko twabivuze hejuru, cyangwa mu makuru yagiye hanze konti ihita iba nk’irangaye.

Aha ni ho uburyo bwa Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) buzamo. 2FA ni nk’urundi rwego rw’umutekano bukoreshwa mu kuri konti runaka kuri murandasi, aho ubanza kugenzura mbere y’uko winjira muri iyo konte. Mbese nka ya ngufuri ishyigikira ikare twavuze.

Ariko kubera ko benshi batabukoresha, konti zabo zisigara zishingiye ku ijambobanga gusa, ariko iyo rihungabanye, byose bihita bijya mu bibazo. Cyakora ubu ni uburyo abantu benshi badaha agaciro kugeza igihe bahuye n’ingaruka zabyo.

Ikosa rya 5 — Gukoresha Wi-Fi zitizewe

Tekereza uri mu kigo rusange, café cyangwa ahahurira abantu benshi ubona Wi-Fi y’ubuntu, ukayihuza na telephone cyangwa machine yawe nta gutindiganya, kuko isa nikuzaniye igisubizo cyoroshye kandi cyihuse.

Ku ruhande rwawe, uba wumva uri gukora ibintu mu buryo busanzwe gusura website, kohereza ubutumwa, cyangwa kugenzura email.

Ariko mu by’ukuri, ntabwo imirongo yose ya Wi-Fi iba ifite umutekano uhagije kandi uhamye. Hari imiyoboro ishobora kuba ifunguye ku bantu benshi kandi muri abo bantu, hari ushobora kuba agamije guhemuka.

Urugero rufatika ni nko mu bijyanye n’umutekano w’ikoranabuhanga nka man-in-the-middle ibyo mu Kinyarwanda wagereranya nk’umumamyi.

Uyu mumamyi yitambika amakuru ava kuri mudasobwa cyangwa telefoni yawe ajya ahandi nko ku rubuga rwa banki, imbugankoranyambaga yifashishije umurongo wa Wi-Fi umwe n’uwawe. Iyo yamaze kwitambika yabasha kwiba amakuru y’ikarita yawe ya banki, imyirondoro y’imbugankoranyambaga, ndetse n’andi makuru y’ingenzi.

Ibi iyo biri kuba umuntu ntiyamenya ko hari ikibazo, kuko byose bigenda bisa nk’uko bisanzwe ku ruhande rwe nyamara inyuma y’ibibera kuri uwo murongo, hashobora kuba hari undi ubireba mu ibanga gake gake.

Niyo mpamvu ukwiye kwitondera imiyoboro ya Wi-Fi y’ubuntu cyangwa rusange. Nibyo iyi mirongo yoroshya ubuzima, ariko iba irimo ibyago byinshi byo guhura na ba bihemu bo kuri murandasi.

Ikosa rya 6 — Kudaha agaciro amavugurura (updates)

Hari abantu benshi bakunda gukanda ku ijambo “Remind me later” (“Unyibutse nyuma”) igihe babonye ubutumwa bubasaba gukora amavugurura (updates), rwose byarabaye nk’umuco wabo bagasubika ubwo butumwa, rimwe na rimwe bikanarangira batabikoze.

Ku ruhande rwabo, aya mavugurura asa n’aho ari ibintu bisanzwe kuko n’ubundi ntibibuza telefone yawe cyangwa applications gukora.

Ariko mu by’ukuri, hari impamvu nyamukuru ituma aya mavugurura abaho hirya yo kuzana udushya gusa. Harimo nko kunoza umutekano, gukosora ibyuho byagaragaye, no kurinda ibikoresho kwinjirwamo n’abagizi ba nabi.

Ikintu abantu benshi batitaho ni uko igihe batakoze aya mavugurura, baba bahaye rugari abagizi ba nabi, kuko igikoresho cyabo kiba gifite ibyuho by’umutekano bishobora gukoreshwa n’abashaka kwiba amakuru yabo.

Hari n’igihe abakora apps cyangwa systems basanga hari uburyo bushobora gukoreshwa nabi, bagahita babukosora mu mavugurura mashya ariko iyo uyirengagije, uba ugumye kuri cyiciro (version) gifite intege nke ari nako wongera ibyago byo kwinjirirwa n’aba hackers.

Mu yandi magambo, kudakora amavugurura ku gihe ni ugusiga umuryango ufunguye mu buryo utabizi. Ni amakosa rero kudakora amavugurura kuri mudasobwa, telefoni cyangwa se igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga.

N’ubwo aya makosa atagira ingaruka ako kanya, ariko uba uri kwikururira ibyago by’uko mu gihe kirekire ashobora gutuma igikoresho cyawe n’amakuru yawe bibangamirwa.

Ikosa rya 7 — Kwizera amakuru yose ubona kuri murandasi (online)

Hari igihe umuntu afungura murandasi agasanga inkuru, ifoto cyangwa video bigasa n’ukuri cyane ku buryo atabishidikanyaho na gato.

Akamaro kayo kakaba gahita kagira ingaruka ku myanzuro afata, cyangwa uko abona ibintu runaka.

Ku mbuga zitandukanye, amakuru menshi asohoka buri munsi ariko si yose aba yagenzuwe neza cyangwa ngo ibe yizewe.

Hari ayandikwa agamije gukurura abantu, agoretse, cyangwa se ayubatswe mu buryo bugamije kuyobya.

Ikintu wamenya ni uko amakuru asa n’ukuri atari yo buri gihe aba ari ukuri. Rimwe na rimwe, uburyo inkuru itangwa, ifoto ikoreshwa, cyangwa umutwe w’inkuru (headline) bishobora kuyobya umuntu utabanje kureba neza isoko yayo.

Hari n’igihe abantu basoma inkuru bagahita bazifata nk’ukuri, bakazisangiza abandi bitarinze kugenzurwa. Ibi bikaba byakwirakwiza amakuru atari yo ku buryo bwihuse. Ibi bifitanye isano n’ibyo twavuze mu ikosa rya kabiri, kuko hari igihe ibi biguta mu mutego wo kuba watanga amakuru yawe mu buryo utazi.

Mu by’ukuri, murandasi itanga amahirwe yo kubona amakuru yihuse kandi menshi ariko nanone isaba ubushishozi bwo gutandukanya ayo ukwiriye kwizera n’ayo udakwiriye kwizera.

Kwihutira kwemera ibyo ubona byose kuri murandasi bishobora kugutera gufata imyanzuro ishingiye ku makuru atuzuye cyangwa atari yo.

Ni yo mpamvu, muri iyi si y’ikoranabuhanga, ubushishozi ari kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi kurusha no kubona amakuru ubwayo.

UMUSOZO

Murandasi ni igikoresho gikomeye cyane gifite ubushobozi bwo gufasha, kwigisha no guhuza abantu ku isi yose.

Ariko uko ikoreshwa ni byo bigena niba iguhesha inyungu cyangwa ikakuzanira ibibazo utatekerezaga. Aya makosa siyo yonyine, ariko niyo akunze gushyira abantu mu majye.

Kuyamenya no kuyitwaramo neza ukayagiramo ubushishozi si amahitamo asanzwe ni uburyo bwo kwirinda no kurinda amakuru yawe yo kuri murandasi cyangwa se kuri konti zawe z’imbuga nkoranyambaga zawe.

Mu gihe isi igenda irushaho kwimakaza ikoranabuhanga, umutekano wawe ntabwo ugenwa n’ibikoresho ukoresha ahubwo uburyo ubikoresha.

Wibuke ko murandasi ishobora kuba ingirakamaro cyangwa nanone kandi ishobora kuba igikoresho kikwangiza bitewe n’uburyo uyikoresha.